Headache, drowsiness, dizziness, paresthesias, difficulty with coordinationĭrowsiness, dizziness, headache, nervousness, nauseaĪbnormal thinking, behavior changes, complex behaviors (including sleep-driving, hallucinations) Somnolence, headache, malaise, vertigo, dizziness, diarrhea Withdrawal symptoms if abrupt dose reduction or discontinuation Possible respiratory depression in persons with severe lung disease or sleep apnea Severe anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions Worsening depression or suicidal thoughtsįalls and severe injuries because of drowsiness Sleep-driving and other complex behaviors while not fully awake Increased central nervous system effects in older adults Somnolence, unpleasant taste in the mouth, headache, dizziness, dry mouth, rash, anxiety, hallucinations, respiratory infectionĬentral nervous system depressant effects and next-day psychomotor impairment Over-the-counter sleep medications and supplements Probably has no effect on other outcomes Probably has no effect on total sleep time Improves sleep onset latency, total sleep time, and sleep quality Improves sleep onset latency and total sleep time Data were insufficient to evaluate the effectiveness of benzodiazepines or over-the-counter sleep aids such as diphenhydramine, doxylamine, or melatonin. (SOR: A, based on consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence.) There was limited evidence for the long-term safety of pharmacotherapy for insomnia ( eTable A), although observational studies suggest possible associations with head injuries, cancer, and dementia. Food and Drug Administration–approved prescription drugs for insomnia, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and suvorexant improved some outcomes among the general adult population in primarily short-term studies of three months or less. (SOR: B, based on inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence.) There was insufficient evidence to report on the adverse effects of CBT for insomnia. (Strength of Recommendation : A, based on consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence.) The effectiveness of CBT for insomnia was consistent across different delivery modes (i.e., in person as an individual or with a group, by telephone, through the web, or using a self-help book) and was sustained in the long term, which was defined as at least six months. doi:10.Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for insomnia improves sleep outcomes in the general adult population. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic differences in sleep duration and insomnia-related symptoms in Finnish adults. Lallukka T, Sares-Jäske L, Kronholm E, Sääksjärvi K, Lundqvist A, Partonen T, Rahkonen O, Knekt P. doi:10.5664/jcsm.6470Īmerican Academy of Sleep Medicine. Clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL. Insomnia and the performance of US workers: Results from the America insomnia survey. Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Coulouvrat C, Hajak G, Roth T, Shahly V, Shillington AC, Stephenson JJ, Walsh JK. Prevalence of insomnia symptoms in a general population sample of young children and preadolescents: gender effects. Insomnia: Causes and risk factors.Ĭalhoun SL, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Vgontzas AN, Liao D, Bixler EO. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Jehan S, Auguste E, Hussain M, Pandi-Perumal SR, Brzezinski A, Gupta R, Attarian H, Jean-Louis G, McFarlane SI. Racial/ethnic differences in sleep disturbances: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Minority health and sleep.Ĭhen X, Wang R, Zee P, Lutsey PL, Javaheri S, Alcántara C, Jackson CL, Williams MA, Redline S. Sleep health disparity: the putative role of race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Harvard Medical School Division of Sleep Medicine. Insomnia, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international collaborative study. Prevalence of chronic insomnia in adult patients and its correlation with medical comorbidities. The natural history of insomnia: focus on prevalence and incidence of acute insomnia. Insomnia awareness day facts and stats.Įllis JG, Perlis ML, Neale LF, Espie CA, Bastien CH. 2022 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code F51.01.Īmerican Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep disorders - ICD-10 codes and names. Insomnia disorder.Īmerican Sleep Association. Insomnia.Īmerican Psychiatric Association. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.Ĭenters for Disease Control and Prevention.
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